Exploring West Yellowstone: Ecology and Stewardship

A striking view of the geothermal features in West Yellowstone

Intro

West Yellowstone National Park stands as a remarkable natural treasure, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in its scenic grandeur and intricate ecosystems. This park, often overshadowed by its more famous counterparts, embodies a rich tapestry of biodiversity, ecological importance, and geological wonder. Every corner of West Yellowstone whispers tales of ancient volcanic activity, the resilient flora and fauna that thrive within its bounds, and the delicate balance that sustains its ecosystem.

Understanding this natural marvel isn’t just about appreciating its beauty; it's equally about recognizing the role we play in its stewardship. As the increasing pressures of tourism and climate change loom large, sustainable practices become essential in preserving this unique habitat. Engaging with the park's ecology, we delve into what makes West Yellowstone a focal point for environmental professionals and enthusiasts alike.

At the heart of this exploration lies the intertwining of forestry practices and stewardship strategies. Through a lens that combines scientific rigor with ecological sensitivity, we can discern methods that ensure not just the survival, but the thriving of West Yellowstone's ecosystems. By examining the principles of sustainable forest management and woodland stewardship, we uncover pathways that protect the park for future generations.

In this guide, we will dissect various elements of West Yellowstone, covering its rich ecological offerings, geological features, and the necessity for responsible recreation and management. Ultimately, we aim to foster an understanding that nurtures both appreciation and respect for this extraordinary wilderness.

Prelims to West Yellowstone National Park

West Yellowstone National Park serves as a vital ecological treasure in the United States, encapsulating not just a breathtaking array of landscapes but also an intricate web of biodiversity. This section kicks off the journey into understanding the multifaceted significance of the park, emphasizing its critical role in conservation, education, and recreation. In this, we explore key geographical characteristics, historical narratives that shaped its current state, and the overarching importance it holds for the environment and humanity alike.

Geographic Overview

Nestled in the northwest corner of Wyoming, West Yellowstone is an ecosystem that demands attention both for its stunning beauty and scientific importance. The park sits at an elevation averaging around 7,500 feet, intermixing high mountain ranges with wide valleys and dense forests. It’s strategically located adjacent to the Idaho and Montana borders, creating a unique crossroad of ecologies.

A striking feature is the Yellowstone Caldera, one of the largest active volcanic systems on Earth. The park’s geothermal features, like Old Faithful geyser, signify not just natural beauty but a living laboratory for geothermal energy study.

The region also boasts an extensive system of rivers and lakes, including the famous Yellowstone Lake, which serves as a habitat for a plethora of aquatic species, while also helping regulate local climate conditions. The diverse topography supports a wide variety of flora and fauna, making it a focal point for ecologists and those interested in natural preservation.

Historical Context

Understanding the history of West Yellowstone enhances the appreciation for its ecological importance. The area has been inhabited for thousands of years, with Native American tribes, such as the Shoshone and Crow, utilizing its resources for sustenance and cultural practices. The arrival of European explorers in the 19th century marked a critical turning point, as they began documenting its wondrous geysers and wildlife, sparking curiosity and awe nationwide.

Designated as a national park in 1872, West Yellowstone became the first national park in the U.S. and arguably the world. This decision was grounded in the desire to preserve its extraordinary features for generations to come. However, the park's journey hasn’t always been straightforward, facing threats from poaching, agriculture, and later industrial practices. This historical context highlights the ongoing struggles and triumphs in managing and preserving the park’s natural heritage.

Significance of the Park

The significance of West Yellowstone transcends its scenic vistas. It serves as a benchmark for conservation efforts worldwide, showcasing how protected areas can maintain ecological balance amidst human encroachment.

From a biodiversity perspective, it houses unique species that are at the heart of keystone ecosystems. The park is home to wolves, bison, and grizzly bears, which play crucial roles in maintaining the health of their environments. Moreover, the research conducted in West Yellowstone contributes vital insights into ecological interactions, climate change responses, and environmental science at large.

In the realm of recreation, the park has become a hub for ecotourism, drawing millions of visitors annually. This influx not only boosts local economies but also raises awareness about the importance of environmental stewardship.

“West Yellowstone is not just a park; it’s a critical ecological player that teaches us about coexistence, sustainability, and the delicate dance of nature.”

In summary, West Yellowstone National Park stands as a model of nature’s resilience and the necessity for stewardship, education, and ongoing management to protect its wonders for future generations.

Geological Features of West Yellowstone

The geological features of West Yellowstone National Park are not just a backdrop for stunning vistas; they are integral to understanding the ecological dynamics at play within this unique environment. The park sits on a massive volcanic hotspot, where the Earth's crust is thin and allows for extraordinary geological phenomena. This setting not only shapes the landscape but also relates to heat, water, and life forms that inhabit this region. Appreciating its geological features opens a window into the processes that sustain ecosystems and offers crucial insights into the park's management and conservation strategies.

Geothermal Wonders

West Yellowstone is home to a remarkable array of geothermal features, which are among the park’s defining characteristics. The most renowned of these is the Old Faithful geyser, famous for its timely eruptions. The presence of such features is a direct outcome of the volcanic activity that underpins the area.

Hot Springs: The park is dotted with hot springs, which create unique microhabitats. The warm water provides a habitat for organisms that cannot be found in cooler environments. For instance, the microbial mats in these hot springs play a vital role in nutrient cycling and contribute vastly to the biodiversity of the area.
Fumaroles and Mud Pots: Fumaroles emit steam and gases, while mud pots are hot springs with a thick, boiling mud. Both offer insights into the geothermal processes occurring beneath the surface. Observing these features informs scientists about volcanic gas emissions and their implications for climate change.
Ecological Impact: This geothermal activity contributes to the overall ecology by influencing soil temperatures and water chemistry, thus affecting plant and animal life. For instance, species such as the thermophilic cyanobacteria thrive in these extremes, forming the base of a unique food web.

Rock Formations and Terrain

The rocky landscape of West Yellowstone is equally enticing, with varying terrain that showcases the raw power of geological processes. The terrain features mountains, canyons, and plateaus shaped over millennia.

Lava Flows: The remnants of ancient lava flows can be seen throughout the park, telling a story of nature’s fiery past. These formations, such as the prominent lava cliffs near the park’s boundaries, provide critical insights into volcanic history and the formation of dry land habitats.
Sedimentary Layers: Many of the rock layers exhibit sedimentary features that indicate a diverse geological history, including marine, fluvial, and glacial processes. Understanding these layers assists in piecing together how the landscape was shaped over time.
Habitat Diversity: The contrast in elevation from valleys to mountain peaks creates diverse habitats, fostering an array of flora and fauna. Each rock formation and type directly influences plant distribution, which in turn, affects the animal life that depends on those plants.

Lake and River Systems

Hydrology plays a significant role in the ecological identity of West Yellowstone, particularly through its lakes and rivers. These water bodies serve not only as critical resources for wildlife but also as indicators of environmental health.

Yellowstone Lake: As the largest high-elevation lake in North America, Yellowstone Lake is a critical ecological zone. Its cold, clear waters are vital for various fish species, including the native cutthroat trout, which is crucial to the local food web.
River Systems: Rivers such as the Madison and Gibbon contribute to the region's diversity and are a lifeline for numerous organisms. These watersheds sustain plant life along their banks, serve as migration routes for wildlife, and offer habitat for aquatic species.
Role in Climate Resilience: The lakes and rivers can also play a role in climate resilience for ecosystems. Their ability to retain heat can moderate local temperatures and support a variety of life through seasonal changes, thereby enhancing the overall resilience of the park’s biosphere.

Diverse wildlife thriving in the natural habitat of West Yellowstone

In summary, the geological features of West Yellowstone National Park are far more than aesthetic marvels; they are the foundational elements that shape the park's ecosystems and inform conservation practices. Understanding these features is essential for effective stewardship and environmental sustainability.

Biodiversity in West Yellowstone

Biodiversity in West Yellowstone National Park is woven into the very fabric of its ecosystems, representing a vital component of the park's ecological health and resilience. The concept extends beyond merely counting species; it encompasses the intricate relationships and interactions between organisms and their environment. This richness not only supports ecological functions but also provides numerous benefits to both local communities and visitors alike.

Understanding biodiversity is crucial for appreciating the various dynamics at play in West Yellowstone. The park is home to an array of species, each contributing uniquely to their respective ecosystems. From towering pine trees to the subtle flutter of butterflies, the park embodies a living tapestry of life. A diverse genetic pool helps populations adapt to environmental changes, enhances ecosystem stability, and promotes resilience against diseases.

Flora and Fauna Diversity

The flora and fauna of West Yellowstone are remarkable in their diversity, showcasing everything from delicate wildflowers to majestic mammals. Approximately 1,700 plant species flourish within its boundaries. This variety provides habitat and food sources for a multitude of animals. For instance,

Grizzly bears forage for berries, while
Elk and deer graze on the grasses and shrubs.

Moreover, the park's varied habitats—from wetlands to alpine regions—allow for a wide range of species to flourish. Each area boasts distinct plants like the fragrant lodgepole pine or the colorful alpine gentian, while animals such as the elusive mountain goat and the playful river otter call these habitats home. This interconnected web of species ensures a balanced ecosystem where natural checks and balances exist, allowing flora and fauna to thrive together.

Threatened and Endangered Species

Biodiversity isn’t without its challenges, of course. West Yellowstone harbors species that are either threatened or endangered, often due to habitat loss, climate change, and human influence. The iconic gray wolf, once driven to near extinction, is now a symbol of conservation success following its reintroduction in the mid-'90s. However, it remains under scrutiny, and understanding its role is vital for ecosystem dynamics. Other notable vulnerable species include:

The bald eagle, which has faced habitat degradation and food scarcity.
The cutthroat trout, a key indicator of water quality.

Protecting these species involves active management strategies aimed at restoring their habitats and ensuring their survival. The park employs research and monitoring programs to gauge population health, which informs conservation efforts. For instance, tracking wolf populations provides insight into their ecological role as a keystone species.

Role of Keystone Species

In ecological terms, keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecosystem. They are not necessarily the most abundant but hold significant influence on their environment. In West Yellowstone, the gray wolf is the quintessential keystone species. Its presence helps regulate the populations of herbivores, such as elk, which in turn affects vegetation growth and diversity. This cascading effect illustrates the interconnectedness of life within the park.

Additionally, beavers serve as another example of keystone species in the area. By building dams, they create wetlands that support various other species including amphibians, birds, and aquatic plants. These wetlands also improve water quality by filtering pollutants and reducing erosion, showcasing the broader environmental benefits of a single species.

In summary, biodiversity in West Yellowstone is a complex and essential aspect of the park. Protecting the multitude of species and recognizing their roles are critical steps in ensuring the health and longevity of this stunning natural landscape. Through ongoing stewardship and community involvement, the ecosystems of West Yellowstone can continue to thrive for generations to come.

Recreational Activities and Conservation

Engaging in recreational activities within West Yellowstone National Park goes beyond simple leisure; it plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and enhances the understanding of the park's ecological integrity. Visitors to the area bring not just their enthusiasm for nature but also a critical energy that fuels the park’s preservation initiatives. These activities enable park management to foster a connection between people and the environment, which can lead to increased awareness and commitment to protecting the area.

There are several dimensions to consider regarding recreational activities in this national park:

Ecosystem Awareness: Participating in activities such as hiking and wildlife watching allows visitors to appreciate the diverse flora and fauna that call West Yellowstone home. This firsthand experience fosters respect and inspires conservation efforts among the demographic that enjoys these natural wonders.
Economic Incentives for Conservation: Tourism generates revenue for local communities and the park's operational funds. When visitors pay entrance fees, participate in guided tours, or purchase local crafts, they indirectly contribute to forest management and habitat preservation.
Community Engagement: Local communities often depend on the influx of visitors for their livelihoods. When community members actively contribute to conservation projects or work as park rangers, they strengthen the ecological stewardship narrative, ensuring the long-term health of their environment.

Sustainable Tourism Practices

To protect and preserve the beautiful landscapes of West Yellowstone while allowing visitors to enjoy them, sustainable practices are vital. These practices aim to minimize the ecological footprint of tourism in several ways:

Leave No Trace Principles: Educating visitors on the principles of Leave No Trace helps minimize the impact of recreational activities. This includes proper waste disposal, staying on marked trails, and respecting wildlife habitats.
Eco-Friendly Facilities: The park management has taken steps to implement sustainable practices within its facilities. Utilizing renewable energy sources, reducing water consumption, and creating recycling programs contribute to a greener park experience.

Adopting these measures not only enhances visitor experience but ensures the park's beauty for generations to come.

Guidelines for Responsible Visits

It's essential that all visitors adhere to guidelines designed for responsible park use. Here are some points to consider:

Plan Ahead: Know the park regulations and recreational offers before setting foot in nature. This information can generally be found on the National Park Service website or through visitor centers.
Wildlife Observation: Maintain a respectful distance from wildlife. Encountering a bison or moose up close might be exciting, but getting too close can stress animals and disrupt their natural behavior.
Group Size Monitoring: Keeping groups small and organized helps prevent strain on ecosystem and avoid trail erosion. Large groups can lead to issues of overcrowding or unintended damage to natural resources.

Following these guidelines contributes to minimizing negative effects on the park and enhances the overall enjoyment of these scenic landscapes.

"Caring for the natural world is a shared responsibility. When we visit places like West Yellowstone, we not only take away memories but should also give back by protecting what we have experienced."

Education through Park Programs

Education is an integral aspect of conservation in West Yellowstone. Several programs play a key role in informing the public:

Lush forests and tranquil landscapes within the park

Ranger-led Programs: These include guided hikes, wildlife talks, and educational workshops designed to impart knowledge about the park’s ecology and geology.
Youth Camp Programs: Engaging younger generations through camp programs inspires future environmental stewards. Young minds have the opportunity to learn firsthand about the importance of protecting their surroundings.
Collaboration with Educational Institutions: Partnerships with local and national educational bodies enable innovative educational offerings that emphasize ecology, biodiversity, and sustainable practices.

By promoting understanding and fostering appreciation through educational initiatives, West Yellowstone National Park continues to nurture a generation of responsible and informed visitors, ensuring the preservation of its unique environment.

Ecosystem Management Strategies

Ecosystem management is an essential framework in the context of West Yellowstone National Park, functioning as a guide to integrate human activity with natural systems. This approach emphasizes the need for balance: preserving ecological integrity while addressing the demands placed upon this precious environment. The strategies implemented here aren't just beneficial; they are critical to ensuring that the park thrives now and into the foreseeable future.

Wildfire and Forest Management

Wildfires are a natural part of forest ecology, yet the way humans interact with these events can significantly influence the landscape. In West Yellowstone, fire management is not merely a reactive measure but a proactive approach woven into the fabric of forest management strategies. Controlled burns are one method employed to manage fuel loads, reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfires. Such methods not only serve preventive purposes but also help rejuvenate ecosystems by promoting species that thrive post-fire.

Some characteristics of wildfire management in West Yellowstone include:

Understanding fire dynamics: It's crucial to study fire behavior to predict outcomes and inform management decisions.
Restoration of habitats: After fires, certain plants can flourish, and creating conditions for their growth supports biodiversity.
Community involvement: Local residents and park visitors are educated about wildfire’s ecological role, fostering a shared responsibility for fire safety and landscape sustainability.

This comprehensive management helps maintain diverse habitats while stipulating a future where both wildlife and humans can coexist harmoniously amid the natural cycle of life.

Restoration Projects

Restoration projects within West Yellowstone embody the park's commitment to ecological resilience. These initiatives often focus on recovering ecosystems disrupted by various factors such as climate change, invasive species, and previous management practices.

An example of such a project is the ongoing efforts to restore wetland areas that have been degraded over the years. Wetlands serve multiple roles: they filter water, provide habitat, and act as buffers against flooding. Key strategies in restoration projects include:

Reintroducing native species: This is vital to revitalizing ecosystems. Non-native plants can dominate spaces where local species should thrive.
Soil rehabilitation: Enhancing soil health is crucial for supporting new biodiversity. Practices may involve adding organic matter or even testing soil conditions regularly.
Community participation: Involving local communities through workshops promotes a culture of stewardship and educates them on local ecology, broadening the conservation ethos.

"Restoration isn’t just about bringing back what was lost; it’s about creating a sustainable future for generations to come."

Monitoring Wildlife Populations

Monitoring wildlife populations is paramount in ensuring the ecological health of West Yellowstone. This involves tracking various species to gather valuable data, which can inform management strategies and help in long-term planning.

The monitoring process encompasses diverse methodologies, such as:

Field surveys: Regular assessments allow for data collection on population sizes and trends.
Camera traps: These devices provide snapshots of wildlife behavior and interactions, bringing insights into how species adapt to environmental changes.
Community science programs: Engaging park visitors in data collection not only fosters a sense of involvement but also leverages a larger workforce for gathering information.

Through concerted monitoring efforts, park authorities can make informed decisions, pivoting management tactics when necessary to ensure the state of ecosystems aligns with ecological objectives.

Impact of Climate and Environmental Changes

Understanding the impact of climate and environmental changes in West Yellowstone National Park is essential for a number of reasons. These changes not only affect the ecological balance but also have significant implications for the management and stewardship of the park. Being aware of the risks posed by climate change helps in forming effective adaptive strategies and fosters a culture of proactive conservation efforts among both the local community and park officials. With rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent wildfires, the intricate web of life within the park faces unprecedented challenges.

Climate Change Effects

In West Yellowstone, the effects of climate change are palpable. Scientists have recorded shifts in weather patterns, which has led to longer growing seasons but also to unpredictable weather events. Consider the increased melting of snowpack, which affects both water availability for flora and fauna and the timing of spring blooms. Species that rely on specific cues from the climate may find themselves out of sync.

Warmer temperatures can increase the vulnerability of cold-water fish species, such as the native cutthroat trout, jeopardizing their existence.
Changes to vegetation patterns can affect wildlife, from herbivores struggling to find sufficient food to predators facing declining prey populations.

A study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey highlights how shifts in temperature and precipitation are altering the habitat suitability for many species. This demonstrates that climate change is not just a distant concept; it's an immediate concern affecting ecosystems right now.

Adaptation Strategies

Adapting to climate change in West Yellowstone requires a multi-dimensional approach. Efforts are being made to develop ecosystem-based strategies that incorporate local knowledge and scientific research. One such initiative involves enhancing habitat resilience. The National Park Service has been looking into maintaining biodiversity by preserving a wide variety of habitats, which is vital for species survival during drastic changes.

Water Conservation Techniques: Employing water conservation practices to ensure aquatic life can thrive even during dry spells.
Restoration of Native Plants: Fostering the growth of native species that can better withstand climate stresses as opposed to invasive plants that are ill-suited to the changing environment.

Collaborative research involving local universities has led to improved understanding of climate resilience. By utilizing local resources and expert knowledge, tailored strategies can be developed that best suit the unique ecological makeup of West Yellowstone.

Research and Innovations

Ongoing research plays a crucial role in addressing the impacts of climate change at West Yellowstone. Several projects are in place to develop innovative solutions to counter the detrimental effects observed in the park. Examples include:

Visitors engaging in responsible recreational activities in the park

Climate Modeling: Advanced modeling techniques to predict changes in flora and fauna distributions in response to varying climatic conditions.
Ecological Monitoring Programs: Continuous monitoring efforts that track shifts in species populations and habitat conditions, providing timely data to inform decision-making.
Collaborations with Technological Firms: Partnering with technology companies for data collection and analysis can lead to smarter, quicker responses to environmental changes.

The U.S. Forest Service and other ecological organizations continuously seek to establish effective methodologies that can be shared across different ecosystems and regions. By embracing research and innovation, West Yellowstone can serve as a case study for other national parks facing similar challenges.

"Preserving nature in its present state requires adaptability and foresight; we can't afford to stand still as the world around us changes."

Community Involvement and Education

Understanding the ecological and conservation challenges faced by West Yellowstone National Park requires not only expertise but also active participation from the community. The bond between the park and the local populace is essential, a connection that fosters a sense of stewardship and responsibility. When communities engage, they not only contribute to conservation efforts but also gain a deeper appreciation of their environment. This involvement can lead to sustainable practices that benefit both the ecosystem and the community.

Local Initiatives for Conservation

Local conservation initiatives are the backbone of ecosystem preservation in and around West Yellowstone. Residents and organizations often band together to address specific environmental issues. For example, efforts to reduce invasive species have seen local volunteers working alongside park rangers to identify and remove non-native plants that threaten the delicate balance of native flora.

These initiatives serve several purposes:

Awareness Raising: They educate community members about local biodiversity and the importance of keeping ecosystems intact.
Resource Allocation: Local initiatives can attract funding and grants aimed at specific conservation projects that directly benefit the park.
Community Engagement: Initiatives foster a spirit of teamwork, encouraging diverse demographics—from school children to retirees—to collaborate toward a common goal.

A notable example is the annual cleanup events organized by local NGOs, which see substantial community participation. Such events not only result in cleaner habitats but also boost community morale.

Volunteer Programs in the Park

Volunteering plays a significant role in fostering ecological awareness within the West Yellowstone community. The park has established several volunteer programs, where individuals can sign up to contribute time and skills to ongoing projects. From trail maintenance to educational outreach, volunteers help keep the park thriving while gaining first-hand experience in ecology.

Some specific programs include:

Guided Nature Walks: Local knowledge shared through these walks enhances visitor understanding.
Habitat Restoration Projects: Volunteers physically assist in replanting native species and removing debris that threatens local wildlife.
Visitor Education: Volunteers often help with information booths, explaining the do’s and don’ts of respecting wildlife.

Participating in these programs not only enhances the park's ecological integrity but also cultivates a personal connection between volunteers and the environment.

Collaborative Projects with Universities

Partnerships between the park and universities create a unique environment for both research and community learning. Universities often conduct ecological studies within the park, collaborating with park officials to address pressing conservation issues. These projects lead to scientific advancements while engaging students and faculty in meaningful work.

Collaboration might involve:

Research Grants: Funding for projects that delve into specific ecological questions, such as the impact of tourism on local wildlife.
Internships: University students gain practical experience while contributing to park initiatives, allowing for fresh perspectives on ongoing challenges.
Workshops: Educational seminars for both locals and students can bridge gaps in understanding ecological dynamics and climate impacts.

Such collaborations not only advance academic knowledge but also empower communities to participate in science-based conservation.

"Local communities are the true stewards of our natural resources. Their involvement ensures the future of parks like West Yellowstone."

Culmination: The Future of West Yellowstone National Park

The future of West Yellowstone National Park hinges on its capacity to adapt and respond to the myriad challenges it faces today. As environmental professionals and enthusiasts delve into the intricate web of ecological and stewardship efforts presented in this article, it becomes increasingly evident that the sustainability of this national treasure is not a foregone conclusion. Understanding the issues at hand allows all stakeholders to advocate for effective conservation strategies that preserve not just the landscape, but the essential ecological functions that underpin it.

Challenges Ahead

One prominent challenge is climate change. West Yellowstone experiences fluctuating temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns that significantly affect its biodiversity. Species that are accustomed to specific climatic conditions may struggle to survive as their habitats evolve or degrade. Moreover, increased visitation due to tourism can further strain the ecosystem. With more people wandering through its breathtaking landscapes, the pressure on trails, wildlife, and resources inevitably increases.

Another daunting issue is the escalating incidence of invasive species. These organisms can overrun local flora and fauna, altering the delicate balance that defines the park's ecosystems. If left unchecked, invasives like the Eurasian watermilfoil could outcompete native plants, subsequently disrupting local wildlife that relies on those species for survival. Monitoring efforts must keep an eye on these environmental threats to prevent irreversible damage.

Lastly, funding for conservation initiatives often battles against competing priorities within government budgets. Ensuring that West Yellowstone’s unique ecology receives appropriate financial support is vital for ongoing management and restoration efforts.

Prospects for Sustainable Management

Despite these challenges, there is a silver lining on the horizon. The growing recognition of the importance of sustainable management practices provides hope. Collaborative strategies involving local communities, agencies, and academic institutions can lead to innovative solutions.

Adopting holistic management approaches that incorporate community input may yield beneficial outcomes. Programs focusing on restoration ecology could be successful, involving actions like reintroducing native species, restoring habitats, and managing water resources effectively. Furthermore, raising public awareness through educational programs can empower visitors to become stewards of the park, fostering a sense of responsibility toward its preservation.

In addition, adopting technology in conservation efforts, such as utilizing drones or satellite imagery for tracking wildlife populations, may present exciting opportunities. Advanced research initiatives driven by universities can assist in developing adaptive strategies for ongoing environmental changes.

"Only through a concerted effort can we hope to sustain this natural marvel, ensuring that it not only survives but thrives in the coming years."

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Exploring West Yellowstone: Ecology and Stewardship

Intro